BAHASA INGGRIS 2
SOFTSKILL
NAMA :
DINI FASYA PUTRI
NPM :
22213572
KELAS :
3EB22
DOSEN :
BU DEVI
UNIVERSITAS GUNADARMA
2015/2016
1. SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE
A. THE SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE
IS USED:
·
To express habits, general truths, repeated actions or
unchanging situations, emotions and wishes :
I smoke (habit); I work in London (unchanging situation); London is a large city (general truth)
I smoke (habit); I work in London (unchanging situation); London is a large city (general truth)
·
To give instructions or directions :
You walk for two hundred meters, then you turn left.
You walk for two hundred meters, then you turn left.
·
To express fixed arrangements, present or future :
Your exam starts at 09.00
Your exam starts at 09.00
·
To express future time, after some
conjunctions: after, when, before, as soon as, until :
He'll give it to you when you come next Saturday.
He'll give it to you when you come next Saturday.
B. FORMS OF THE SIMPLE
PRESENT TENSE
Simple present tense dibentuk dari
verb-1 (present tense) atau linking verb
“be” (is,
am, are). Apa itu verb-1? Verb-1 merupakan bare infinitive dengan tambahan -s
atau -es (contoh verb-1: does, goes, wants) khusus
untuk subject berupa singular noun (kata benda tunggal:
Tita, book, car) atau third person singular pronoun (kata ganti orang
ketiga tunggal: she, he, it); atau tanpa tambahan apapun (contoh verb-1: do,
go, want) untuksubject berupa plural noun (boys, men, books)
atau plural pronoun (we, they), pronounI/you, atau compound
subject (you
and me, Tina and Ratih).
Dengan
demikian rumus simple present tense untuk kalimat positif, negatif,
dan interogatif sebagai berikut.
v Statement
(+) :
S + V-1
S+/-auxiliary (do/does) + infinitive
Ex : I cut a grass this morning
v Negative
(-) :
S + auxiliary (do/does) + not + infinitive
S + be (am/is/are) + not
Ex : I don’t cut a grass this morning
v Question
(?) :
Do/Does + S + infinitive ?
Be (am/is/are) + S ?
Ex : Do I cut a grass this morning?
C. NOTES ON THE SIMPLE PRESENT, THIRD
PERSON SINGULAR
v In the third person singular the
verb always ends in -s:he wants, she needs, he gives, she thinks.
Negative and question forms use DOES
(= the third person of the auxiliary 'DO') + the infinitive of the verb.
He wants ice cream. Does he want strawberry? He does not want vanilla.
He wants ice cream. Does he want strawberry? He does not want vanilla.
v Verbs ending
in -y : the third person changes the -y to -ies:
fly --> flies, cry --> cries
Exception: if there is a vowel before the -y:
play --> plays, pray --> prays
fly --> flies, cry --> cries
Exception: if there is a vowel before the -y:
play --> plays, pray --> prays
v Add -es to
verbs ending in:-ss, -x, -sh, -ch:
he passes, she catches, he fixes, it pushes
he passes, she catches, he fixes, it pushes
D. EXAMPLE OF EACH TENSE
1. Working
whole day makes my body so tired, I need to take a rest
2. He
goes to campus every morning
3. Ridwan
takes a shower every day
4. Ridwan
usually drinks milk every morning
5. The
earth revolves around the sun
2. SIMPLE PRESENT CONTINOUS
TENSE
A. FUNCTIONS OF THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS
As with all tenses in English,
the speaker's attitude is as important as the time of the action or
event. When someone uses the present continuous, they are thinking about
something that is unfinished or incomplete
THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS IS USED:
v To describe an action
that is going on at this moment: You are using the Internet. You
are studying English grammar.
v To describe an action
that is going on during this period of time or a trend: Are you still
working for the same company? More and more peopleare
becoming vegetarian.
v To describe an action or
event in the future, which has already been planned or prepared: We're
going on holiday tomorrow. I'm meeting my boyfriend
tonight. Are they visiting you next winter?
v To describe a temporary
event or situation: He usually plays the drums, but he's
playing bass guitar tonight. The weather forecast was good, butit's
raining at the moment.
v With "always,
forever, constantly", to describe and emphasise a continuing series of
repeated actions: Harry and Sally are always arguing!You're
constantly complaining about your mother-in-law!
B. FORMING THE PRESENT
CONTINUOUS
The present continuous of any verb is
composed of two parts - the present tense of the verb to be + the present
participle of the main verb.
(The form of the present participle is: base+ing,
e.g. talking, playing, moving, smiling)
Affirmative
Subject + To be + base+ing
Ex : I am falling in love at this moment
Negative
Subject + To be + not +base + ing
Ex : I am not falling in love at this
moment
Interrogative
To be + Subject + base + ing
Ex : Am I falling in love at this moment
?
C. VERBS THAT ARE NOT USUALLY USED IN THE
CONTINUOUS FORM
The verbs in the list below are normally
used in the simple form because they refer to states, rather than actions
or processes.
SENSES / PERCEPTION
v
to feel*
v
to hear
v
to see*
v
to smell
v
to taste
OPINION
v
to assume
v
to believe
v
to consider
v
to doubt
v
to feel (= to think)
v
to find (= to consider)
v
to suppose
v
to think*
MENTAL STATES
v
to forget
v
to imagine
v
to know
v
to mean
v
to notice
v
to recognise
v
to remember
v
to understand
EMOTIONS / DESIRES
v
to envy
v
to fear
v
to dislike
v
to hate
v
to hope
v
to like
v
to love
v
to mind
v
to prefer
v
to regret
v
to want
v
to wish
MEASUREMENT
v
to contain
v
to cost
v
to hold
v
to measure
v
to weigh
OTHERS
v
to look (=resemble)
v
to seem
v
to be (in most cases)
v
to have(when it means
"to possess")*
3. SIMPLE PAST
A. FUNCTIONS OF THE SIMPLE
PAST TENSE
The simple past is used to talk about a completed
action in a time before now. Duration is not important. The time of
the action can be in the recent past or the distant past.
Affirmative
S + V2 + O + Adverb
Ex : They came to my house just now
Negative
S + didn’t + V1 + O + Adverb
Ex : They didn’t come my house just now
Interrogative
Did + S + V1 + O + Adverb
Ex : Did they come my house just ow ?
You always use the simple past when you
say when something happened, so it is associated with certain past
time expressions
· frequency: often,
sometimes, always
I sometimes walked home at lunchtime.
I often brought my lunch to school.
I sometimes walked home at lunchtime.
I often brought my lunch to school.
· a definite point in
time: last week, when I was a child, yesterday, six weeks ago
We saw a good film last week. Yesterday, I arrived in
Geneva. She finished her work atseven o'clock I went to the
theatre last night
· an indefinite point in
time: the other day, ages ago, a long time
ago People lived in caves a long time ago.
· She played the
piano when she was a child.
SIMPLE PAST TENSE OF TO BE, TO HAVE, TO DO
|
Subject
|
Verb
|
||
|
Be
|
Have
|
Do
|
|
|
I
|
Was
|
Had
|
did
|
|
You
|
Were
|
Had
|
did
|
|
He/She/It
|
Was
|
Had
|
did
|
|
We
|
Were
|
Had
|
did
|
|
You
|
Were
|
Had
|
did
|
|
They
|
Were
|
Had
|
did
|
NEGATIVE AND INTERROGATIVE
For the negative and
interrogative simple past form of "do" as an ordinary verb,
use the auxiliary "do", e.g. We didn't do our
homework last night.
The negative of "have" in the
simple past is usually formed using the auxiliary "do", but
sometimes by simply adding not or the
contraction "n't".
The interrogative form of "have" in
the simple past normally uses the auxiliary "do".
4. SIMPLE PAST CONTINOUS
A. FUNCTIONS OF THE PAST CONTINUOUS
The past continuous describes actions or
events in a time before now, which began in the past and is still
going on at the time of speaking. In other words, it expresses
an unfinished or incomplete action in the past.
It is used:
·
Often, to describe the background in a story written
in the past tense, e.g. "The sun was shining and the
birds were singing as the elephant came out of the jungle. The other
animals were relaxing in the shade of the trees, but the elephant
moved very quickly. She was looking for her baby, and she didn't
notice the hunter who was watching her through his binoculars. When
the shot rang out, she was running towards the river..."
·
to describe an unfinished action that was interrupted
by another event or action, e.g. "I was having a beautiful dream
when the alarm clock rang."
·
to express a change of mind: e.g. "I was
going to spend the day at the beach but I've decided to get my homework
done instead."
·
with 'wonder', to make a very polite request:
e.g. "I was wondering if you could baby-sit for me
tonight."
B. FORMING THE PAST CONTINUOUS
The past continuous of any verb is
composed of two parts : the past tense of the verb "to be"
(was/were), and the base of the main verb +ing.
Affirmative
S + Were/Was + V-ing + O + Adverb
Ex : You were drawing a montain last morning
Negative
S + Weren’t/Wasn’t + V-ing + O + Adverb
Ex : You weren’t drawing a mountain last morning
Interrogative
Were/Was + S + V-ing + O + Adverb
Ex : Were you drawing a mountain last morning ?
Yes,you were No,you weren’t
2.
SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT
Subject-Verb Agreement is a rapprochement between the verb (a verb) with the
subject line in terms of number, namely: singular or plural. Subjects can be
either a noun, pronoun, or other construction acting as a noun, like gerund and
infinitive. Basically, the singular subject use the singular verb, while plural
subject using a plural verb.
Generally in the
present tense, singular verb basic form of the verb with the added ending
(suffix) -s. As for the plural verb with no added ending -s (otherwise, subject
plural ending -s added). These rules also apply verb on the subject in the form
of a third person (for example: Ricky, Anna) and all personal pronouns (they,
we = plural; he, she, it = single), except I and you. Although the form of a
single subject, I and you are paired with plural verbs (not including the verb
"be" (was, am) on "I").
Example Sentences Subject Verb Agreement (subject= bold;
verb= italic)
·
The elevator works very well.
(elevator itu
berfungsi dengan sangat baik.)
·
The elevators work very well.
(elevator-elevator itu berfungsi
dengan sangat baik.)
·
My friend lives in Makassar.
(temanku tinggal di Makassar.)
·
My friends live in Makassar.
(teman-temanku tinggal di Makassar.)
3. PRONOUN
Pronoun is a word used to replace
the noun (noun), which can be a person, object, animal, place, or an abstract
concept. Pronouns is one of the eight parts of speech.
Interrogative Pronouns
Interrogative
Pronouns digunakan untuk menunjukkan sesuatu yang tidak kita ketahui. Berikut
adalah contoh dari jenis pronouns ini.
|
Jenis-jenis Interrogative Pronouns
|
Artinya
|
Contoh pronouns
|
|||
|
Whom
|
“Siapa”,
untuk menanyakan Objek
|
Whom do you
call?I call my friend
|
|||
|
Who
|
“Siapa”,
menanyakan Subyek
|
Who is your
friend?He is John
|
|||
|
What
|
“Apa”, benda
|
What is your
favorite movie?
|
|||
|
Why
|
“Kenapa”,
alasan
|
Why are you
so glad?
|
|||
|
When
|
“Kapan”,
waktu
|
When you come
here?
|
|||
|
Which
|
“Yang mana”,
benda
|
Which one is
your pen?
|
|||
|
Where
|
“Dimana”,
tempat
|
Where is your
boy friend?
|
|||
|
Whose
|
“Kepunyaan
siapa”, kepemilikan dan dijawab possessive pronouns
|
Whose helmet
is this?- this is mine
|
|||
|
How
|
“Bagaimana”
menanyakan cara
|
How you get
this?
|
|||
1. Reflexive Pronouns
Digunakan untuk menunjukkan bahwa subyek menerima aksi
dari kata kerja pada suatu kalimat. Reflexive Pronouns menggunakan -self
untuk singular sedangkan plural menggunakan –selves.
|
Saya
|
Myself
|
|
Kamu
|
Yourself
|
|
Dia laki-laki
|
Himself
|
|
Dia perempuan
|
Herself
|
|
Mereka
|
Themselves
|
|
Kamu banyak
|
Yourselves
|
|
Kita
|
Ourselves
|
|
Dia benda
atau binatang
|
Itself
|
2. Reciprocal Pronouns
Menunjukkan bahwa dua subyek atau lebih sebagai pelaku
atas kegiatan yang sama. Contohnya adalah each other dan one another.
3. Relative Pronouns
Memperkenalkan Adjective clause yang menerangkan noun.
Empat jenis relative pronouns yaitu who (manusia), which (benda), that (manusia
dan benda), whose (obyek pronoun) dan whose (kepemilikan).
4. Possessive pronouns
Kalimat kata ganti dalam bahasa inggris yang digunakan
untuk menggantikan kepemilikan baik orang, benda maupun hewan.
|
Milik saya
|
Mine
|
|
Milik kamu
|
Yours
|
|
Milik dia
laki-laki
|
His
|
|
Milik dia
perempuan
|
Hers
|
|
Milik mereka
|
Theirs
|
|
Milik kita
|
Ours
|
|
Milik hewan
|
Its
|
http://englishahkam.blogspot.co.id/2011/08/subject-verb-agreement.html
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